Estetika Platon Dalam Konteks Revolusi Seni Rupa Yunani
Abstract
Abstrak: Mayoritas pembaca Platon menafsirkan filsafat Platon dalam perspektif dualisme, yaitu terdapat dunia idea (kosmos noetos) yang berlawanan dengan dunia indrawi (kosmos aisthetos). Cara tafsir ini menimbulkan banyak kontradiksi. Dalam estetika, E.H. Gombrich, sejarawan seni yang menelurkan teori Revolusi Seni Rupa Yunani, juga membaca Platon dalam tafsir dualisme. Gombrich menyimpulkan bahwa bagi Platon kontemplasi keindahan dapat membawa kita ke dunia idea yang transenden, sedangkan seni hanya menyenang-nyenangkan, mengelabui indra dan menggoda pikiran untuk terikat pada bayang-bayang. Padahal dalam teorinya sendiri, Gombrich menjelaskan bahwa karya seni rupa Yunani terkemuka persis karena keindahannya yang dihidupkan dengan daya ilusif-persuasif. Tulisan ini hendak melempangkan kontradiksi tersebut dengan mengoreksi dunia idea - dunia indrawi menjadi alam visibel alam inteligibel (horatos topos noetos topos), istilah yang dipakai Platon dalam corpus-nya. Tulisan ini menyimpulkan bahwa Platon tidak menolak daya ilusif-persuasif yang terdapat dalam seni rupa melainkan menempatkannya sebagai instrumen untuk merealisasikan Agathon.
Kata-kata Kunci: Daya ilusif-persuasif, keindahan, akal, intelek, seni.
Abstract: The majority of Platos reader interprets his philosophy in dualistic perspective, that there is the intelligible world (kosmos noetos) which opposed to the sensible world (kosmos aisthetos). This perspective caused many contradictions. In Aesthetics, E.H. Gombrich, an art historian who creates the Greek Revolution Theory, also read Plato under the perspective of dualism. For him, Plato thought that the contemplation of beauty can lead to the realm of transcendent ideas, while art can only flatter, deceive the senses and seduce the mind to feed on phantoms. Meanwhile, Gombrich also thought that Greek Art is beautiful precisely because of the power of illusion-persuasion. This article aims to reconcile the contradiction by replacing the intelligible world - sensible world to the intelligible realm - visible realm (topos noetos - horatos topos), the original term which Plato used in his corpus. And it concludes that Plato did not oppose the power of illusion-persuasion in art but placing them as an instrument to realize Agathon.
Keywords: Illusion-persuasion, beauty, mind, intellect, art.
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